10 อันดับสะพานที่สวยที่สุดในโลก(Top 10 Most Beautiful Bridges in the World)
มาดูกันค่ะว่าสะพานที่ขึ้นชื่อว่าสวยที่สุดในโลก 10 อันดับแรกจะมีที่ไหนบ้าง
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อันดับที่ 10 The Khaju Bridge ประเทศอิหร่าน
The Khaju Bridge อยู่ที่ประเทศอิหร่าน เป็นเขื่อนที่สร้างขึ้นเมื่อศตวรรศที่ 17
The Khaju Bridge (Pol-e-Khajoo) in Isfahan, Iran, was built
in the 17th century by Shah Abbas II. The bridge also serves as a dam,
with sluice gates under the archways. When the gates are closed, the
water level behind the bridge is raised to irrigate gardens alongside
the Zayandeh River.
The Khoju Bridge has two stories of arcades,
marked by the distinctive intersecting arches decorated with richly
colored tiles. At the center of the bridge, there are two large
pavilions, called the Prince Parlors, that were originally reserved for
the Shah.
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อันดับที่ 9
Pont du Gard ประเทศฝรั่งเศส
Pont du Gard อยู่ที่ตอนใต้ของประเทศฝรั่งเศส สร้างขึ้นเมื่อ 63 - 12 BC
Pont du Gard, an aqueduct spanning the Gard River in southern France,
is a masterpiece of Roman engineering. It wasn't built to transport
people (though there is a pedestrian footbridge on it) - instead, it was
part of a complex aqueduct system that carried water over 30 miles
(about 50 km) to the ancient Roman city of Nemausus (now Nîmes).
The
Pont du Gard was built by Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa (63 - 12 BC), the
son-in-law of Caesar Augustus. The bridge's stones, some of which weigh
up to 6 tons, were cut perfectly to fit together without any mortar.
The
wedge-shaped stones, known as voussoirs, were arranged in three levels,
the top-most being the water conduit. So precise was the engineering
that the entire system descends only 56 ft. (17 m) vertically - over 30
miles! - to deliver 5 million gallons (20,00 m3) of water to the city.
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อันดับที่ 8
Bridge of Sighs เมืองเวนิส ประเทศอิตาลี
Bridge of Sighs อยู่ที่เมืองเวนิซ ประเทศอิตาลี่
เป็นสะพานเชื่อมระหว่างห้องสัมภาษณ์นักโทษกับคุก
ชื่อสะพานมาจากที่นักโทษจะถอนหายใจตอนเดินผ่านสะพานจากห้องสัมภาษณ์ไปสู่คุก
และมองวิวผ่านหน้าต่างเหล็กเพราะรู้ว่าจะเป็นครั้งสุดท้ายที่จะได้เห็นโลก
ภายนอก...
In the 19th century, Lord Byron named a Venetian limestone bridge
across the Rio di Palazzo connecting the Doge's prison to the
interrogation room in the main palace, the Bridge of Sighs (Ponte dei Sospiri).
Supposedly, the prisoners would sigh when they look out the window -
with stone bars no less - to see their last view of beautiful Venice
before their imprisonment, torture or execution.
In reality,
Doge's prison held mostly small-time criminals. Also, the bridge was
built in 1600 by Antonio Contino, after the days of the inquisitions and
summary executions. Legend has it that if lovers kissed on a gondola
underneath the Bridge of Sighs at sunset, their love would last for
eternity.
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อันดับที่ 7
Iron Bridge ประเทศอังกฤษ
The Iron Bridge, spanning the Severn river in Shropshire, England,
isn't a particularly large or ornate bridge, but it does have something
that made it unique: it's the first bridge made completely out of cast
iron.
In the 18th century, Shropshire was rich in iron and coal -
indeed, there were more iron factories within two-mile radius of the
town than any other city in the world. It was also there that iron was
first smelt with coke. So it was only natural that the bridge would be
made out of iron, a stronger alternative to wood.
Architect
Thomas Farnolls Pritchard proposed a single arch bridge that would let
boats pass underneath, but he died before the bridge was built. The
construction of the Iron Bridge was carried out by a local master
ironworker named Abraham Darby III. About 400 tons (363 tonnes) of cast
iron was used, with about 800 separate castings. The Iron Bridge has 5
arch ribs, each cast in two halves. It only took three months to put the
parts together (which they did using screws instead of bolts!).
The
ease and speed of the Iron Bridge's construction helped convince
engineers of the versatility and strength of iron, and helped usher in
the Industrial Revolution era. Darby, however, didn't fare so well: he
severely underestimated the cost to build the bridge, and remained in
debt for the rest of his life. 
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อันดับที่ 6
Covered Bridges ประเทศแคนาดา
หรืออีกชื่อเรียกว่า Kissing bridge อยู่ที่เมือง ontorio ประเทศแคนาดา
The West Montrose Covered Bridge on the Grand River, Ontario, Canada. It's known locally as the Kissing Bridge.
Pisgah Covered Bridge in southern Randolph County, North Carolina. It
was washed away by a flood in 2003, but rebuilt with 90% of the original
wood. It's now one of two historic covered bridges left in the state.
Covered bridges are simply that: bridges that have enclosed sides and
roof. Though technically the Bridge of Sigh, Ponte Vecchio, and the
Wind and Rain Bridges in this list are covered bridges, this term
usually means simple, single-lane bridges in rural settings.
Before they are made famous by the 1995 Clint Eastwood film The Bridges of Madison County,
"kissing bridges" or "tunnels of love" have been the pride and joy of
many small towns across Europe and especially Northern America where
more than ten thousands of such bridges were built.
In the 19th
century, timber was plentiful and cheap (or, in many cases, free). So
it's natural that these bridges were made of wood. But why were they
covered? Well, lovers aside, the real reason was much more practical:
the wooden beams of the bridge lasted longer when protected from the
elements.
Unfortunately, due to neglect, theft of lumber,
vandalism, and fire, most covered bridges in the United States and
Canada have disappeared.
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อันดับที่ 5
Ponte Vecchio ประเทศอิตาลี
Ponte Vecchio อยู่ที่เมืองฟลอเรนซ์ ประเทศอิตาลี นอกจากจะเป็นสะพาน ยังเป็นถนนช็อปปิ้งอีกด้วย
The Ponte Vecchio is a medieval bridge over the Arno River. Actually,
it's much more than a bridge - it's a street, a marketplace, and a
landmark of Florence, Italy.
The Ponte Vecchio that we know today
was built in 1345 by Taddeo Gaddi after an older span was destroyed in a
flood. To finance the bridge, lots along the roadway were rented out to
merchants, especially butchers and tanners, to hawk their wares.
In
1565, Duke Cosimo I de Medici ordered an architect named Giorgio Vasari
to construct a roofed passageway. Soon after, jewelers, goldsmiths, and
merchants of luxury goods pushed out the butchers out of Ponte Vecchio.
Centuries of haphazard additions gave the bridge's distinctive,
irregular appearance today.
During World War II, after having
survived many floods, the bridge faced its gravest threat: German
bombers were blowing up bridges in Florence. It was a direct order from
Hitler that spared Ponte Vecchio from certain destruction.
It is
said that the word "bankruptcy" came from Ponte Vecchio. When a merchant
failed to pay his debt, the table ("banco") he used to sell his wares
was broken ("rotto") by soldiers. Not having a table anymore
("bancorotto"), meant the seller was bankrupt.
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อันดับที่ 4
The Wind and Rain Bridge ประเทศจีน
อยู่ที่ประเทศจีน อายุประมาณ 100 ปี สร้างขึ้นมาโดยไม่ใช้ตะปูเลย
The wind and rain bridges were a type of bridge built by the Dong
people (a minority ethnic group) in China. Because they live in the
lowlands and the valleys with many rivers, the Dong people are excellent
bridge builders. They are called "wind and rain" bridges because the
covered bridges not only let people cross the river, but also protect
them from the elements.
The Dong people don't use nails or rivets
to build these bridges - instead, they dovetail all of the wood. The
largest and most magnificent is the Chenyang Bridge, spanning the Linxi
River near the Dong village of Maan. The bridge is about 100 years old,
and like all wind and rain bridges, it was built without a single nail.
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อันดับที่ 3
Brooklyn Bridge มหานครนิวยอร์ค ประเทศสหรัฐอเมริกา
In 1855, engineer John Roebling started to design a bridge that at
the time would be the longest suspension bridge in the world, with
towers being the tallest structures in the Western Hemisphere: the
Brooklyn Bridge in New York.
Today, the Brooklyn Bridge is one of
the main crossings of the East River and one of the most heavily
trafficked bridges in the world. But in the late 19th century, it took
Roebling more than 14 years to convince the city to build the bridge.
After
he got approval, Roebling was surveying a site when his foot was
crushed by a ferry. Three weeks before the scheduled groundbreaking, he
died of tetanus. His son, an engineer named Washington Roebling took
over the project.
In 1872, while working on caissons to set the foundation for the
towers, Washington fell ill with caisson disease (a decompression
sickness commonly known as "the bends") that left him barely able to
see, talk, or write. His wife, Emily Warren Roebling, rose to the
occasion - she learned engineering on the fly and for nine years went to
the job site to deliver her husband's directions. Washington himself
was said to watch the construction from his room through a binocular.
When
the Brooklyn Bridge was opened, Emily was honored with the first ride
over the bridge. She held a rooster, a symbol of victory, in her lap.
Washington himself rarely visited the bridge till his death in 1926.
One
interesting note about the Brooklyn Bridge: it stood fast while other
bridges built around the same time had crumbled. Engineers credit
Roebling for designing a bridge and truss system six times as strong as
he thought it needed to be!
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อันดับที่ 2
Tower Bridge กรุงลอนดอน ประเทศอังกฤษ
It's funny to think about ancient traffic jams, but that was why the
Tower Bridge in London, England was built. By the end of the 19th
century, the development of the eastern part of London caused such a
load on the London Bridge that the city decided to build a new bridge.
Construction
of the Tower Bridge started in 1886, led by architect Sir Horace Jones
and engineer Sir John Wolfe Barry. The design was a bascule (draw)
bridge with two towers built on piers, so the bridge wouldn't interefere
with the port facilities nearby.
A year after construction was
started, Jones died and his replacement, George D. Stevenson along with
Barry decided to modify the design a little bit. Instead of the original
brick facade design, the Tower Bridge had a more ornate Victorian
Gothic style meant to harmonize it with the nearby Tower of London.
When
the bridge opened in 1894, the public was aghast. H. Heathcote Statham,
Fellow of the Royal Insitute of British Architect, wrote the familiar
sentiment as thus: "The Tower Bridge ... represents the vice of
tawdriness and pretentiousness, and of falsification of the actual facts
of the structure." (Source: Waddell, J., Bridge Engineering, Google Books)
But
over time, people warmed up to the bridge. Indeed, the Tower Bridge
grew to be one of London's most recognizable landmarks. Even one of its
loudest critics, architectural critic Eric de Maré conceded: the British
people "have grown fond of the old fraud ... and we must admit that it has carried on its task with admirable regularity and efficiency." (Source: Dupré, J., Bridges; 1997 Black Dog & Leventhal Publishers)
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อันดับที่ 1
Golden Gate Bridge มหานครซานฟรานซิสโก ประเทศสหรัฐอเมริกา
The Golden Gate Bridge is such an iconic symbol of San Francisco (and
of suspension bridge in general) that it's hard to imagine a time when
it didn't exist. But before it was built, most people thought it was an
impossible task.
In
1916, the idea of a bridge to cross the Golden Gate, a narrow strait
that separated San Francisco Peninsula and the Marin Headlands, was
conceived. Though it was almost immediately dismissed as the cost was
estimated to be $100 million (astronomical for the time), a veteran
bridge builder named Joseph Strauss lobbied for more than two decades to
have it built.
The Golden Gate Bridge faced tough opposition: the
Department of War thought it would interfere with ship traffic and the
Southern Pacific Railroad opposed it as competition to its ferry
service. At first, even the public didn't like the bridge ... because
Strauss' original design was deemed too ugly! But Strauss finally won,
and after 22-years of drumming up support, the bridge was built.
Strauss
insisted that the project take worker's safety seriously. It was the
first major bridge project that used hard hats and a safety net. During
the course of construction, 19 people were saved by the net to become
members of the Halfway to Hell Club.
The color of the Golden Gate Bridge is actually not red - it's an orange vermillion called International Orange.
The color was chosen specifically because it complements the bridge's
natural surrounding yet enhances its visibility in the fog.
Construction
took more than four years, at a cost of $27 million. The Golden Gate
Bridge actually came in $1.3 million under budget (though 5 months
late). For his work, Strauss got $1 million ... and a lifetime bridge
pass!
อ้างอิง
-http://www.neatorama.com/2008/03/07/10-most-beautiful-bridges-in-the-world/
-http://www.toptenthailand.com/
-http://travel.mthai.com/world-travel/4818.html
